{
    "check": {
        "by": ["the test surfaces that list the technique, whose predicates decide what a run of the technique shows"],
        "population": "every surface that lists the technique, and the code those surfaces cover",
        "freshness": "a verdict stands until the technique, a surface that lists it or the covered code changes",
        "refusal": "the gate fails a surface that lists an unknown technique, and a technique that states no way it fails",
        "observation": "the technique's own runs, which locate failures; its fails field names the way it goes silent",
        "evidence": "fires-and-accepts: one suite plants a surface that lists an unknown technique, another plants a technique that states no way it fails, and the bundled data validates clean",
        "authority": "the technique record, which every surface that lists it cites"
    },
    "records": [
        {
            "id": "static-analysis",
            "mode": "observation",
            "principle": "Reads structure and types for defects before execution",
            "principleRef": "static-analysis",
            "fails": "Reports nothing when its rule never visits the construct, as with a misspelled visitor key"
        },
        {
            "id": "unit-testing",
            "mode": "comparison",
            "principle": "Compares observed with expected results on an isolated unit",
            "fails": "Passes when the doubles that isolate the unit no longer behave like the real collaborators"
        },
        {
            "id": "integration-testing",
            "mode": "comparison",
            "principle": "Compares observed with expected results across cooperating parts",
            "fails": "Passes on an environment that differs from production in the part that fails"
        },
        {
            "id": "end-to-end-testing",
            "mode": "comparison",
            "principle": "Compares observed with expected results on the whole system",
            "fails": "Is retried until it passes, so an intermittent failure is read as noise"
        },
        {
            "id": "property-based-testing",
            "mode": "classification",
            "principle": "Asserts that an invariant holds across a generated input space",
            "principleRef": "property-based-testing",
            "fails": "Passes when the generator never produces the inputs that break the property"
        },
        {
            "id": "differential-testing",
            "mode": "comparison",
            "principle": "Compares observed results with a reference implementation, the oracle",
            "fails": "Passes when the reference implementation shares the defect"
        },
        {
            "id": "contract-testing",
            "mode": "comparison",
            "principle": "Compares an observed interface with an agreed contract",
            "fails": "Passes against a copy of the contract that drifted from the one the provider serves"
        },
        {
            "id": "runtime-validation",
            "mode": "observation",
            "principle": "Checks boundary data against its declared shape at runtime",
            "fails": "Never runs on a path that reaches the core without crossing the boundary"
        },
        {
            "id": "assertion-checking",
            "mode": "comparison",
            "principle": "Checks a runtime condition against an assumed invariant",
            "fails": "Is compiled out or disabled in the build that runs in production"
        },
        {
            "id": "fuzz-testing",
            "mode": "creation",
            "principle": "Generates adversarial inputs to provoke unhandled failures",
            "fails": "Stops before the generated inputs reach the failing region, and the run reports no crash"
        },
        {
            "id": "load-testing",
            "mode": "prediction",
            "principle": "Projects behavior under expected demand",
            "fails": "Runs a workload shaped unlike real demand"
        },
        {
            "id": "stress-testing",
            "mode": "prediction",
            "principle": "Projects behavior past its limits to expose timing and ordering defects",
            "fails": "Ends at a limit below the one production reaches"
        },
        {
            "id": "profiling",
            "mode": "observation",
            "principle": "Measures the distribution of execution cost",
            "principleRef": "profiling",
            "fails": "Samples too coarsely to see a short, frequent cost"
        },
        {
            "id": "heap-analysis",
            "mode": "observation",
            "principle": "Measures allocation and retention over time",
            "fails": "Measures a run too short for retention to show"
        },
        {
            "id": "tracing",
            "mode": "description",
            "principle": "Describes the runtime flow across components",
            "fails": "Loses spans at an uninstrumented hop, and the trace reads as complete"
        },
        {
            "id": "fault-injection",
            "mode": "intervention",
            "principle": "Induces a failure and observes the response",
            "fails": "Injects only the faults the developer anticipated"
        },
        {
            "id": "chaos-testing",
            "mode": "intervention",
            "principle": "Induces random failures and observes how the system recovers",
            "fails": "Runs where the dependency that fails in production is absent"
        },
        {
            "id": "model-checking",
            "mode": "explanation",
            "principle": "Proves that a property holds across the reachable state space",
            "fails": "Proves the model while the code drifts away from it"
        },
        {
            "id": "deterministic-replay",
            "mode": "reflection",
            "principle": "Reproduces a run to isolate a non-deterministic cause",
            "fails": "Replays a recording that left out the source of the non-determinism"
        },
        {
            "id": "monitoring",
            "mode": "observation",
            "principle": "Observes live behavior for deviations from normal",
            "principleRef": "monitoring",
            "fails": "Reports no deviation because the signal it watches was never emitted"
        },
        {
            "id": "mutation-testing",
            "mode": "intervention",
            "principle": "Introduces a deliberate defect and checks that the tests or the rule report it",
            "fails": "Counts a mutant as caught by a test that fails for an unrelated reason"
        },
        {
            "id": "read-after-write-verification",
            "mode": "comparison",
            "principle": "Reads back what was written and compares it with what was meant to be written",
            "fails": "Reads from a cache or a buffer instead of the store the write reached"
        }
    ]
}