# The techniques > Each technique a surface is observed by works in one reasoning mode and is listed with the surfaces that use it. Page: Ontology ยท Reasoning Canonical: https://banes-lab.com/ontology/reasoning#the-techniques Each technique a surface is observed by works in one reasoning mode and is listed with the surfaces that use it. ### static-analysis - Mode: [observation](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/mode-observation.md) Details Principle Reads structure and types for defects before execution Surfaces [numerical-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-numerical-correctness.md), [security-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-security-correctness.md), [configuration-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-configuration-correctness.md) ### unit-testing - Mode: [comparison](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/mode-comparison.md) Details Principle Compares observed with expected results on an isolated unit Surfaces [semantic-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-semantic-correctness.md) ### integration-testing - Mode: [comparison](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/mode-comparison.md) Details Principle Compares observed with expected results across cooperating parts Surfaces [functional-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-functional-correctness.md), [interaction-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-interaction-correctness.md), [data-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-data-correctness.md) ### end-to-end-testing - Mode: [comparison](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/mode-comparison.md) Details Principle Compares observed with expected results on the whole system Surfaces [interaction-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-interaction-correctness.md) ### property-based-testing - Mode: [classification](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/mode-classification.md) Details Principle Asserts that an invariant holds across a generated input space Surfaces [semantic-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-semantic-correctness.md), [state-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-state-correctness.md), [numerical-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-numerical-correctness.md), [determinism-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-determinism-correctness.md) ### differential-testing - Mode: [comparison](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/mode-comparison.md) Details Principle Compares observed results with a reference implementation, the oracle Surfaces [semantic-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-semantic-correctness.md), [consistency-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-consistency-correctness.md) ### contract-testing - Mode: [comparison](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/mode-comparison.md) Details Principle Compares an observed interface with an agreed contract Surfaces [interface-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-interface-correctness.md), [interaction-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-interaction-correctness.md), [protocol-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-protocol-correctness.md) ### runtime-validation - Mode: [observation](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/mode-observation.md) Details Principle Checks boundary data against its declared shape at runtime Surfaces [interface-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-interface-correctness.md), [configuration-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-configuration-correctness.md) ### assertion-checking - Mode: [comparison](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/mode-comparison.md) Details Principle Checks a runtime condition against an assumed invariant Surfaces [semantic-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-semantic-correctness.md), [state-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-state-correctness.md), [resource-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-resource-correctness.md), [consistency-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-consistency-correctness.md), [data-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-data-correctness.md) ### fuzz-testing - Mode: [creation](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/mode-creation.md) Details Principle Generates adversarial inputs to provoke unhandled failures Surfaces [security-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-security-correctness.md) ### load-testing - Mode: [prediction](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/mode-prediction.md) Details Principle Projects behaviour under expected demand Surfaces [temporal-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-temporal-correctness.md), [performance-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-performance-correctness.md) ### stress-testing - Mode: [prediction](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/mode-prediction.md) Details Principle Projects behaviour past its limits to expose timing and ordering defects Surfaces [concurrency-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-concurrency-correctness.md) ### profiling - Mode: [observation](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/mode-observation.md) Details Principle Measures the distribution of execution cost Surfaces [memory-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-memory-correctness.md), [performance-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-performance-correctness.md) ### heap-analysis - Mode: [observation](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/mode-observation.md) Details Principle Measures allocation and retention over time Surfaces [memory-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-memory-correctness.md) ### tracing - Mode: [description](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/mode-description.md) Details Principle Describes the runtime flow across components Surfaces [temporal-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-temporal-correctness.md), [observability-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-observability-correctness.md) ### fault-injection - Mode: [intervention](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/mode-intervention.md) Details Principle Induces a failure and observes the response Surfaces [reliability-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-reliability-correctness.md), [availability-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-availability-correctness.md) ### chaos-testing - Mode: [intervention](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/mode-intervention.md) Details Principle Induces random failures and observes how the system recovers Surfaces [reliability-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-reliability-correctness.md), [availability-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-availability-correctness.md) ### model-checking - Mode: [explanation](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/mode-explanation.md) Details Principle Proves that a property holds across the reachable state space Surfaces [functional-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-functional-correctness.md), [protocol-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-protocol-correctness.md) ### deterministic-replay - Mode: [reflection](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/mode-reflection.md) Details Principle Reproduces a run to isolate a non-deterministic cause Surfaces [concurrency-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-concurrency-correctness.md), [determinism-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-determinism-correctness.md) ### monitoring - Mode: [observation](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/mode-observation.md) Details Principle Observes live behaviour for deviations from normal Surfaces [temporal-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-temporal-correctness.md), [resource-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-resource-correctness.md), [reliability-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-reliability-correctness.md), [observability-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-observability-correctness.md) ## Links to - [Observation](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/mode-observation.md) - [Numerical Correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-numerical-correctness.md) - [Security Correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-security-correctness.md) - [Configuration Correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-configuration-correctness.md) - [Comparison](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/mode-comparison.md) - [Semantic Correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-semantic-correctness.md) - [Functional Correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-functional-correctness.md) - [Interaction Correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-interaction-correctness.md) - [Data Correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-data-correctness.md) - [Classification](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/mode-classification.md) - [State Correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-state-correctness.md) - [Determinism Correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-determinism-correctness.md) - [Consistency Correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-consistency-correctness.md) - [Interface Correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-interface-correctness.md) - [Protocol Correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-protocol-correctness.md) - [Resource Correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-resource-correctness.md) - [Creation](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/mode-creation.md) - [Prediction](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/mode-prediction.md) - [Temporal Correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-temporal-correctness.md) - [Performance Correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-performance-correctness.md) - [Concurrency Correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-concurrency-correctness.md) - [Memory Correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-memory-correctness.md) - [Description](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/mode-description.md) - [Observability Correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-observability-correctness.md) - [Intervention](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/mode-intervention.md) - [Reliability Correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-reliability-correctness.md) - [Availability Correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-availability-correctness.md) - [Explanation](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/mode-explanation.md) - [Reflection](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/mode-reflection.md)