# The lenses > The analysis lenses are how a subject is seen. Page: Ontology ยท Reasoning Canonical: https://banes-lab.com/ontology/reasoning#the-lenses The analysis lenses are how a subject is seen. Each sits on one universal axis and is listed with the fields of mathematics it draws on, the surfaces and detectors it feeds and the test surfaces that see through it. ### structural - Nature: arrangement - Universal axis: [arrangement](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/universal-axis-arrangement.md) Details Question How are the parts organised? Fields [algebra](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/math-type-algebra.md), [category-theory](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/math-domain-category-theory.md) Surfaces structural_duplication, copy_paste_duplication Detectors [Behavioral Signature Extraction](https://banes-lab.com/records/algo/behavioral-signature-extraction.md), [Cross-Class Pattern Detection](https://banes-lab.com/records/algo/cross-class-pattern-detection.md) Test surfaces [interface-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-interface-correctness.md), [data-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-data-correctness.md), [configuration-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-configuration-correctness.md) ### temporal - Nature: time - Universal axis: [dynamics](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/universal-axis-dynamics.md) Details Question How does it vary through time? Fields differential-equations, [dynamical-systems](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/math-type-dynamical-systems.md) Surfaces temporal_coupling Detectors [Temporal Coupling Detection](https://banes-lab.com/records/algo/temporal-coupling-detection.md) Test surfaces [temporal-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-temporal-correctness.md), [concurrency-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-concurrency-correctness.md), [availability-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-availability-correctness.md) ### spatial - Nature: location - Universal axis: [arrangement](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/universal-axis-arrangement.md) Details Question How is it distributed in space? Fields [geometry](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/math-domain-geometry.md), [topology](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/math-type-topology.md) Surfaces none Detectors none ### statistical - Nature: distribution - Universal axis: [abstraction](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/universal-axis-abstraction.md) Details Question What regularities emerge from many observations? Fields [probability](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/math-type-probability.md), statistics Surfaces none Detectors none Test surfaces [performance-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-performance-correctness.md), [consistency-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-consistency-correctness.md) ### frequency - Nature: recurrence - Universal axis: [dynamics](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/universal-axis-dynamics.md) Details Question What repeats, and how often? Fields harmonic-analysis Surfaces copy_paste_duplication Detectors [Cross-Class Pattern Detection](https://banes-lab.com/records/algo/cross-class-pattern-detection.md) Test surfaces [observability-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-observability-correctness.md) ### sequential - Nature: order - Universal axis: [dynamics](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/universal-axis-dynamics.md) Details Question In what order do things occur? Fields [logic](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/math-type-logic.md), [combinatorics](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/math-domain-combinatorics.md) Surfaces sequential_duplication Detectors [Sequential Chain Duplication](https://banes-lab.com/records/algo/sequential-chain-duplication.md) Test surfaces [state-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-state-correctness.md), [protocol-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-protocol-correctness.md) ### relational - Nature: relationships - Universal axis: [interaction](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/universal-axis-interaction.md) Details Question What connects what? Fields [algebra](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/math-type-algebra.md), [category-theory](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/math-domain-category-theory.md) Surfaces relational_duplication Detectors [Relational Graph Duplication](https://banes-lab.com/records/algo/relational-graph-duplication.md) Test surfaces [interaction-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-interaction-correctness.md) ### behavioural - Nature: action - Universal axis: [interaction](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/universal-axis-interaction.md) Details Question How does an entity tend to act? Fields [dynamical-systems](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/math-type-dynamical-systems.md) Surfaces behavioral_inconsistency Detectors [Behavioral Inconsistency](https://banes-lab.com/records/algo/behavioral-inconsistency.md), [Behavioral Signature Extraction](https://banes-lab.com/records/algo/behavioral-signature-extraction.md) Test surfaces [functional-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-functional-correctness.md), [resource-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-resource-correctness.md) ### functional - Nature: purpose - Universal axis: [abstraction](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/universal-axis-abstraction.md) Details Question What role does something perform? Fields functional-analysis Surfaces none Detectors none ### semantic - Nature: meaning - Universal axis: [abstraction](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/universal-axis-abstraction.md) Details Question What meaning is conveyed? Fields none Surfaces conceptual_duplication Detectors [Conceptual Duplication Detection](https://banes-lab.com/records/algo/conceptual-duplication-detection.md) Test surfaces [semantic-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-semantic-correctness.md) ### causal - Nature: cause - Universal axis: [interaction](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/universal-axis-interaction.md) Details Question What produces what? Fields mathematical-modelling Surfaces causal_duplication Detectors [Causal Wiring Duplication](https://banes-lab.com/records/algo/causal-wiring-duplication.md) Test surfaces [security-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-security-correctness.md) ### predictive - Nature: expectation - Universal axis: [abstraction](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/universal-axis-abstraction.md) Details Question What usually follows? Fields applied-mathematics Surfaces none Detectors none ### anomaly - Nature: exception - Universal axis: [abstraction](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/universal-axis-abstraction.md) Details Question What breaks the normal pattern? Fields statistics Surfaces behavioral_inconsistency Detectors [Anomaly Outlier Detection](https://banes-lab.com/records/algo/anomaly-outlier-detection.md) Test surfaces [reliability-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-reliability-correctness.md), [numerical-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-numerical-correctness.md), [determinism-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-determinism-correctness.md) ### evolutionary - Nature: development - Universal axis: [dynamics](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/universal-axis-dynamics.md) Details Question How does the pattern itself change? Fields [dynamical-systems](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/math-type-dynamical-systems.md) Surfaces none Detectors none Test surfaces [memory-correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-memory-correctness.md) ### fractal - Nature: self-similarity - Universal axis: [abstraction](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/universal-axis-abstraction.md) Details Question Does the same structure recur at different scales? Fields fractal-geometry, renormalisation Surfaces scale_duplication Detectors [Fractal Scale Duplication](https://banes-lab.com/records/algo/fractal-scale-duplication.md) ### transformational - Nature: transformation - Universal axis: [dynamics](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/universal-axis-dynamics.md) Details Question How does one state become another? Fields [algebra](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/math-type-algebra.md), [computation](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/math-type-computation.md) Surfaces none Detectors none ### invariant - Nature: invariance - Universal axis: [arrangement](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/universal-axis-arrangement.md) Details Question What remains unchanged? Fields symmetry, [topology](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/math-type-topology.md) Surfaces none Detectors none ### optimisation - Nature: selection - Universal axis: [abstraction](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/universal-axis-abstraction.md) Details Question What is the best possible state? Fields operations-research Surfaces none Detectors none ### complexity - Nature: difficulty - Universal axis: [abstraction](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/universal-axis-abstraction.md) Details Question How difficult is the transformation? Fields computation-theory Surfaces none Detectors none ## Links to - [Arrangement](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/universal-axis-arrangement.md) - [Algebra](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/math-type-algebra.md) - [Category Theory](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/math-domain-category-theory.md) - [Behavioral Signature Extraction](https://banes-lab.com/records/algo/behavioral-signature-extraction.md) - [Cross-Class Pattern Detection](https://banes-lab.com/records/algo/cross-class-pattern-detection.md) - [Interface Correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-interface-correctness.md) - [Data Correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-data-correctness.md) - [Configuration Correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-configuration-correctness.md) - [Dynamics](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/universal-axis-dynamics.md) - [Dynamical Systems](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/math-type-dynamical-systems.md) - [Temporal Coupling Detection](https://banes-lab.com/records/algo/temporal-coupling-detection.md) - [Temporal Correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-temporal-correctness.md) - [Concurrency Correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-concurrency-correctness.md) - [Availability Correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-availability-correctness.md) - [Geometry](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/math-domain-geometry.md) - [Topology](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/math-type-topology.md) - [Abstraction](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/universal-axis-abstraction.md) - [Probability](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/math-type-probability.md) - [Performance Correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-performance-correctness.md) - [Consistency Correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-consistency-correctness.md) - [Observability Correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-observability-correctness.md) - [Logic](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/math-type-logic.md) - [Combinatorics](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/math-domain-combinatorics.md) - [Sequential Chain Duplication](https://banes-lab.com/records/algo/sequential-chain-duplication.md) - [State Correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-state-correctness.md) - [Protocol Correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-protocol-correctness.md) - [Interaction](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/universal-axis-interaction.md) - [Relational Graph Duplication](https://banes-lab.com/records/algo/relational-graph-duplication.md) - [Interaction Correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-interaction-correctness.md) - [Behavioral Inconsistency](https://banes-lab.com/records/algo/behavioral-inconsistency.md) - [Functional Correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-functional-correctness.md) - [Resource Correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-resource-correctness.md) - [Conceptual Duplication Detection](https://banes-lab.com/records/algo/conceptual-duplication-detection.md) - [Semantic Correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-semantic-correctness.md) - [Causal Wiring Duplication](https://banes-lab.com/records/algo/causal-wiring-duplication.md) - [Security Correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-security-correctness.md) - [Anomaly Outlier Detection](https://banes-lab.com/records/algo/anomaly-outlier-detection.md) - [Reliability Correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-reliability-correctness.md) - [Numerical Correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-numerical-correctness.md) - [Determinism Correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-determinism-correctness.md) - [Memory Correctness](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/test-surface-memory-correctness.md) - [Fractal Scale Duplication](https://banes-lab.com/records/algo/fractal-scale-duplication.md) - [Computation](https://banes-lab.com/records/reason/math-type-computation.md) ## Linked from - [What can drift, seen through how it drifts](https://banes-lab.com/software-architecture/coverage/what-can-drift-seen-through-how-it-drifts.md)